R.A.D. Widyastuti1*†,
Rahmat Budiarto2, Indah Listiana1, Helvi Yanfika1,
Purba Sanjaya1, Ali Rahmat3 and Abdul Mutolib4
1Faculty of Agriculture,
Universitas Lampung, Bandar Lampung 3514, Indonesia
2Faculty of Agriculture,
Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia
3Research Center for Biology, Indonesian
Institute of Science, Bogor, Indonesia
4Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Siliwangi, Tasikmalaya, Indonesia
*For correspondence: radianawidyastuti@yahoo.co.id; rdiana.widyastuti@fp.unila.ac.id
†Contributed equally to this work
and are co-first authors
Received 13 June 2022; Accepted
14 November 2022; Published 12 December 2022
Optimal
production of red chili (Capsicum annum L.) var. Indrapura can be
potentially achieved through culture technique intensification, alike
fertilizer application. This study aimed to evaluate agronomical responses of
red chili under different dose of biofertilizer and alkaline based multi
nutrient fertilizer. Plant materials in form of the 28 old-days seedlings were
transplanted to polybag containing a well-mixed growing media, one seedling per
polybag, prior to the arrangement in randomized completely block design with
two factors, i.e., the dosage of
biofertilizer and multi nutrient fertilizer. Both of biofertilizer and multi
nutrient fertilizer were composed of 3 doses, i.e., 0, 4 and 8 L/ha, and 0, 5 and 10 kg/ha, respectively. Numbers
of replications involved in present study were 10, so that the size of
experimental unit was 90 units. The result showed that growth performance, as
indicated by plant height, stem diameter and branching level, was significantly
affected only by single factor, either biofertilizer or alkaline based
fertilizer solely, instead of interaction of both. The highest plant was
observed in the plant treated with the highest doses of biofertilizer (8 L/ha)
or alkaline fertilizer (10 kg/ha). However, the yield variables were
significantly affected by interaction of both factors. The best treatment that
strongly recommended was the combination of 8 L/ha biofertilizer and 10 kg/ha
multi nutrient fertilizer that could improve fruit number, fruit weight, and
also reduce fruit damaged by about 180, 204 and 54%, compared to control,
respectively. © 2022 Friends Science Publishers
Keywords: Biofertilizer; Growth
performance; Red chili; Multi nutrient fertilizer; Yield
Chili
(Capsicum annum L.), also known as pepper, hot pepper and chili pepper,
is one of importance horticulture commodities worldwide from Solanaceae family
(Knapp 2002; Peeraulle and Ranghoo-Sanmukhiya 2013; Penella et al.
2015). This commodity belongs to ancient crop due to the first report on its
cultivation has already start at least 6000 B.C. in Mexico (Kraft et al.
2014). Chili is predominantly known as vegetable (Ali et al. 2017),
specifically as a natural food flavoring spice (Bosland and Votava 2012), due
to capsaicin-rich characteristic (González-Zamora et al. 2015;
Sanati et al. 2018). Aside spice, chili is also used for traditional
medicine by certain local households (Pawar et al. 2011). Chili also
contains numerous beneficial phytochemicals, such as vitamin C, vitamin E,
carotenoids such provitamin A, and other antioxidant compounds (Nadeem et
al. 2011; González-Zamora et al. 2015; Tripodi et al.
2018; Farhoudi et al. 2019). Aside food purposes aspect, there is a high
potential to set the chili as ornamental plant recently (Putra et al. 2017).
Various beneficial things obtained from chili stimulate the growth of chili
product in market, both international and local market.
The main marketable plant part of chili is the fruit. The fruit become
the main focus during the breeding and culture of chili plant. The chili fruit
is mostly sold in a fresh raw form; however, some market requires a dried or
processed one. The domestic data in Indonesia showed that there was a gap
between chili actual productivity (6.88 ton per Ha) and its potential
productivity (14 ton per Ha) on 2017 (BPS 2018). The chili actual productivity
is still categorized as low level compared to its potential, thus opening the
opportunity to boost productivity through culture practice modification.
Modification of culture practice in chili is required to achieve the
actual yield improvement. The most common modification to support chili fruit
production is the fertilizer application. Numerous studies have reported the
success of nitrogen (Aminifard et al. 2012; Bhuvaneswari et al. 2013;
Ayodele et al. 2015), potassium (El-Bassiony et al. 2010; Golcz et
al. 2012; Ortas 2013), and phosphor (Amisnaipa et al. 2014)
application to improve chili fruit production. The nitrogen, phosphorus and
potassium are well-known macro fertilizer used for agriculture. Additionally,
plant growth also requires micronutrient, such as boron, zinc, manganese, iron,
copper, molybdenum, chlorine. Both macro and micronutrients in both soil and
leaf tissue are important to support plant yield (Efendi et al. 2021).
Earlier study has been conducted to show the positive effect in combination of
macro and micronutrient addition for chili growth and production (Baloch et
al. 2008). Previous studies used multi nutrient fertilizer to produce
ornamental chili (Putra et al. 2017) and to boost F1 hybrid chili yield
through the improvement of growth performances (Deli et al. 2019;
Hamdani et al. 2019).
Excessive application of inorganic fertilizer
endangers not only the sustainability of plant yield, but also the land
biodiversity and environmental quality (Mozumder and Berren 2007; García-Fraile et al.
2015). Additional
technology to compensate the negative effect that might occur after the high
rates of chemical fertilizer apply in soil is the application of biofertilizer
(Mahanty et al. 2017). Biofertilizer is defined as the beneficial
microbe-containing fertilizer product to support plant growth by providing a
favor environment for plant (Hayat et al. 2010; Mohammadi and Sohrabi 2012; Amutha et
al. 2014; Naveed et al.2015). There are various types of beneficial
microbe involved in biofertilizer such as Azospirillum,
Azotobacter, Rhizobium and phosphate solubilizing bacteria that have already known
their role to ease the fixation of nutrient fixation, to solubilize less
available nutrient, to accelerate organic matter decomposition and
mineralization (Biswas et al. 2000; Prasad et al. 2019).
The success of biofertilizer to improve plant growth and final yield have
already proofed by numerous earlier studies, such as in apple (Mosa et al.
2016), pomegranate (Aseri et al. 2008), cauliflower (Nath 2013), potato
minituber (Tahmasbi et al. 2011), soybean (Yang et al. 2021),
mungbean (Asad et al. 2004), maize (Wu et al. 2005; Abou-Zeid et
al. 2021), tomato (Molla et al. 2012) and also chili (Gou et al.
2020). In addition, biofertilizer is reported to improve not only chili yield
but also chili land in Bhutan (Tashi et al. 2023). There is a hypothesis
that the application of biofertilizer, especially in combination with inorganic
compound fertilizers, can increase the growth and production of local chili
plants. However, there are still limited reports to proof that hypothesis.
Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate agronomical characters of red chili (Capcicum annum L. var. Indrapura) in
response to different dose of biofertilizer and alkaline based multi nutrient
fertilizer.
This
experiment was conducted from August 2020 (middle of summer) to January 2021
(middle of rainy), at Desa Sukabanjar, Gedongtataan, Pesawaran, Lampung,
Indonesia. The experimental site has a relatively flat topography, with a slope
of 0–4%. It is also located in the lowlands (100 m above sea level) with the
characteristics of an average monthly rainfall, relative humidity and
temperature for about 163 mm, 79.88% and 27°C,
respectively. Plant material was seed of local red chili (Capcisum annum L. var. Indrapura) that
obtained from local seed breeder. Seed was sowed in germination tray for 28
days prior to transplanting. Polybag, with a size of 20 cm in diameter and 30
cm in height, was prepared for growing chamber of chili seedling. Polybag was
filled with a well-mixed growing media that composed of sand: soil: organic
fertilizer in ratio of 1: 2: 1. There was one seedling planted in every
polybag. The post-transplanted polybag was arranged in randomized completely
block design to accommodate two factors, i.e.,
biofertilizer and alkaline based micronutrient fertilizer. Three doses of
biofertilizer (Bio Max Growth®)
applied were 0, 4 and 8 L per ha that equal to 0, 25 and 50 mL per plant. Azospirillum,
Azotobacter, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, cellulotic microbes, nutrient
solubilization microbes, Pseudomonas, etc. were incorporated in biofertilizer (Gunarto 2013). Three doses
of alkaline based micronutrient fertilizer (Plant
Catalyst®) applied were 0, 5 and 10 kg per ha that equal to 0, 31.25 and
62.5 g per plant. Both biofertilizer and alkaline based micronutrient
fertilizer were applied twice at 3 days after transplanting (DAT) and 33 DAT,
through soil drench. In total, there were 90 experimental units in term of 90
red chili seedlings, to accommodate 9 combination treatments that replicated 10
times each.
Agronomical characters in terms of
growth and yield performances were observed and measured in present experiment.
Plant height, stem
diameter and level of branching were measured to represent the plant growth
performances, while number of fruits (per plant), fruit weight (per plant) and
percentage of damaged fruit represented the yield characters. Plant height (cm)
was measured by roll meter from the base of plant to the highest point of
plant, e.g., apical bud. Stem
diameter (mm) was measured
by digital caliper at the 10 cm above the soil surface. Level of branching and
number fruit per plant were counted manually by hand counter. Fruit weight (g
per plant) was measured in wet basis by using digital analytic. Percentage of
damaged fruit was obtained by comparing the number of damaged fruits to the
total of harvested fruit. All variables were measured in the harvesting day at
the 23rd week after transplanting on all experimental units.
Table 1: Analysis of variance (ANOVA) of
the effect of biofertilizer (B), alkaline based multi nutrient fertilizer (A),
and interaction of both factors (B*A) on growth and production of red chili
Observed variables |
Significance |
||
B |
A |
B*A |
|
Plant height |
* |
* |
ns |
Stem diameter |
ns |
* |
ns |
Level of branching |
ns |
* |
ns |
Number of fruits |
* |
* |
* |
Fruit weight |
* |
* |
* |
Percentage of damaged fruit |
* |
* |
* |
B – biofertilizer dose, A – alkaline based multi nutrient fertilizer
dose, B*A – interaction of biofertilizer and alkaline based multi nutrient
fertilizer, * - significantly different based on the
LSD at α 5%, ns - not
significantly different
Table 2: The height of red chili (Capsicum
annum L. var. Indrapura) in response to different doses of biofertilizer
and alkaline based multi nutrient fertilizer application
Factors |
Plant height (cm) |
|
|
1st factor: biofertilizer dose
(L/ha) |
|
|
|
0 |
72.6 c |
|
|
4 |
79.8 b |
|
|
8 |
94.5 a |
|
|
2nd factor: Alkaline based multi
nutrient fertilizer dose (kg/ha) |
|
||
0 |
80.2 c |
|
|
5 |
92.4 b |
|
|
10 |
96.8 a |
|
|
Mean
followed by the same alphabet in the same factor
column are not significantly different based on the LSD at α 5%
Table 3: The stem diameter and branching
level of red chili (Capsicum annum L. var. Indrapura) in response to
different doses of alkaline based multi nutrient fertilizer application
Alkaline based
multi nutrient fertilizer dose (kg/ha) |
Stem diameter (mm) |
Level of branching |
0 |
14.6 b |
12.17 c |
5 |
17.8 a |
12.92 b |
10 |
19.2 a |
13.58 a |
Mean
followed by the same alphabet in the same column are
not significantly different based on the LSD at α
5%.
Table 4: The number of fruits per plant
of red chili (Capsicum annum L. var. Indrapura) in response to different
doses of biofertilizer and alkaline based multi nutrient fertilizer application
Alkaline based multi nutrient fertilizer (kg/ha) |
Biofertilizer |
||
0 L/ha |
4 L/ha |
8 L/ha |
|
0 |
73 Bc |
87 ABc |
96 Ac |
5 |
104 Cb |
134 Bb |
166 Ab |
10 |
127 Ba |
199 Aa |
204 Aa |
Mean
followed by the same uppercase alphabet in the same
row are not significantly different based on the LSD at α 5%. Mean followed by the
same lowercase alphabet in the same column are not significantly different
based on the LSD at α 5%
Obtained data was tabulated in Microsoft Excel, and then prepared for data
analysis in Statistical Tool for Agriculture Research (STAR) software. Present
study involved two kinds of analysis, i.e.,
analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Least Significant Difference (LSD) at α 5%.
Analysis
of variance (ANOVA) resulted; (i) a significant effect of biofertilizer on all
observed variables, except stem diameter and level of branching, (ii) a
significant effect of alkaline based multi nutrient fertilizer on all
variables, and (iii) a significant effect of interaction of both factors only
on the number of fruits, fruit weight and percentage of damaged fruit (Table
1). The analysis of plant height in present experiment showed that local chili
height was significantly affected by the single factor, either the application
of biofertilizer or alkaline based multi nutrient fertilizer. The application
of biofertilizer could increase the plant height ranging from 10 to 30%
compared to its control (Table 2). In similar pattern, the application of
alkaline based multi nutrient fertilizer could also increase the red chili
height, in range of 15–21% as compared to its control.
Aside plant height, other growth variables measured were stem diameter
and level of branching (Table 3). Stem diameter indicated the accumulation of
assimilates in stem structure. The result showed that the red chili var.
Indrapura experienced a significant increase of stem diameter as the effect of
multi nutrient fertilizer only, while the biofertilizer showed no significant
effect (Table 1). The application of 5 and 10 kg per ha alkaline based multi
nutrient fertilizer enlarged the size of chili stem for about 22 and 32%,
respectively (Table 4).
The level of branching of red chili var. Indrapura was also affected only
by multi nutrient fertilizer, while biofertilizer showed no significant effect.
The result generally showed that chili plant treated with multi nutrient
fertilizer displayed different levels of branching, ranging from 12–14 levels
of branching. Compared to its control, the level of branching was significantly
increased both at 5 kg/ha and 10 kg/ha multi nutrient fertilizer application
(Table 5).
Plant production variables, such as the
number of fruits per plant, the fruit weight per plant and the percentage of
damaged fruit per plant were significantly affected by the interaction of
biofertilizer and muti nutrient application (Table 1). The highest number of
fruits per plant was observed in red chili plants treated with combination of 8
L/ha biofertilizer and 10 kg/ha multi nutrient fertilizer and this result was
180% higher compared to control (no biofertilizer and no multi nutrient
fertilizer) as the lowest result obtained in present study (Table 6).
At the highest dose of biofertilizer (8 L/ha)
for combination treatment, the increase of multi nutrient fertilizer dose up to
10 kg/ha was significantly produced more fruit rather than 5 kg/ha or even 0
kg/ha (Table 6). The increase of fruit number in best combination
treatment (10 kg/ha multi nutrient fertilizer + 8 L/ha biofertilizer) was 113%
higher than combination of 8 L/ha biofertilizer + no multi nutrient fertilizer.
At the highest dose of multi nutrient fertilizer (10 kg/ha) in the combination
treatment, the increase of biofertilizer dose up to 8 L/ha was significantly
produced more fruit rather than both 4 L/ha and 0 L/ha
(Table 6).
Fruit
weight per plant also displayed similar pattern of result with number of fruit
variables. General rule is the Table 5: The
fruit weight per plant of red chili (Capsicum annum L. var. Indrapura) in
response to different doses of biofertilizer and alkaline based multi nutrient
fertilizer application
Alkaline based
multi nutrient fertilizer (kg/ha) |
Biofertilizer |
||
0 L/ha |
4 L/ha |
8 L/ha |
|
0 |
256.2 Bb |
319.5 Bc |
442.8 Ac |
5 |
460.0 Ba |
585.4 ABb |
630.6 Ab |
10 |
527.8 Ba |
673.5 Ba |
780.9 Aa |
Mean
followed by the same uppercase alphabet in the same
row are not significantly different based on the LSD at α 5%. Mean followed by the
same lowercase alphabet in the same column are not significantly different
based on the LSD at α 5%
Table 6: The percentage of damaged fruits
per plant of red chili (Capsicum annum L. var. Indrapura) in response to
different doses of biofertilizer and alkaline based multi nutrient fertilizer
application
Alkaline based multi nutrient fertilizer (kg/ha) |
Biofertilizer |
||
0 L/ha |
4 L/ha |
8 L/ha |
|
0 |
20.92 Aa |
17.61 Ba |
17.26 Ba |
5 |
18.45 Aa |
16.33 Aa |
12.54 Bb |
10 |
12.36 Ab |
11.27 ABb |
9.60 Bc |
Mean
followed by the same uppercase alphabet in the same
row are not significantly different based on the LSD at α 5%. Mean followed by the
same lowercase alphabet in the same column are not significantly different
based on the LSD at α 5%
Table 7: The fruit weight per plant of
red chili (Capsicum annum L. var. Indrapura) in response to different
doses of biofertilizer and alkaline based multi nutrient fertilizer application
Alkaline based multi nutrient fertilizer (kg/ha) |
Biofertilizer |
||
0 L/ha |
4 L/ha |
8 L/ha |
|
0 |
256.2 Bb |
319.5 Bc |
442.8 Ac |
5 |
460.0 Ba |
585.4 ABb |
630.6 Ab |
10 |
527.8 Ba |
673.5 Ba |
780.9 Aa |
Mean
followed by the same uppercase alphabet in the same
row are not significantly different based on the LSD at α 5%. Mean followed by the
same lowercase alphabet in the same column are not significantly different
based on the LSD at α 5%
Table 8: The percentage of damaged fruits
per plant of red chili (Capsicum annum L. var. Indrapura) in response to
different doses of biofertilizer and alkaline based multi nutrient fertilizer
application
Alkaline based
multi nutrient fertilizer (kg/ha) |
Biofertilizer |
||
0 L/ha |
4 L/ha |
8 l L/ha |
|
0 |
20.92 Aa |
17.61 Ba |
17.26 Ba |
5 |
18.45 Aa |
16.33 Aa |
12.54 Bb |
10 |
12.36 Ab |
11.27 ABb |
9.60 Bc |
Mean followed by the same uppercase alphabet
in the same row are not significantly different based on the LSD at α 5%. Mean followed by the same lowercase alphabet in the same column are
not significantly different based on the LSD at α
5%
more fruit per plant, the highest fruit weight per plant. The highest mean of fruit
weight per plant was also found in best combination treatment (8 L/ha
biofertilizer + 10 kg/ha alkaline based multi nutrient fertilizer) for about
780.9 g per plant, and it was 205% higher than control treatment (no biofertilizer
and multi nutrient fertilizer) for about 256.2 g per plant (Table 7). The yield
variables were not only about quantity, the quality of fruit was also important
variable to study. In terms of fruit/pod quality, the application of biofertilizer combined with alkaline based multi
nutrient fertilizer could reduce the percentage of damaged fruit per plant up
to 9.6% when best treatment applied, whereas the fruit damaged in control
treatment was higher, for more than 20% (Table 8).
Red
chili production should be improved in order to meet the increasing demand on
the market. In general, the improvement of the number of harvested area and
intensification of agricultural input could accomplish that challenge (Foley et
al. 2011). Fertilizer is one of important agricultural inputs that
influenced not only the plant yield but also farmer’s income and environmental
sustainability. The use of a balanced fertilizer between chemical and
biofertilizer play a key role in obtaining good and sustainable yield at the
same time with maintaining agroecosystem.
Present study revealed the increase of growth performance, as indicated
by plant height, stem diameter, and branching levels, as the impact of applied
biofertilizer or multi nutrient fertilizer. In general, an optimum plant uptake
on multi nutrient, especially nitrogen, was associated with the greater
vegetative growth performance (Deli et al. 2019). In addition,
biofertilizer was also reported to improve chili plant growth performance (Gou et
al. 2020), through several mechanisms, namely (i) the uptake of microbe-secreted
phytohormones (Abou-Zeid et al. 2021); (ii), the regulation of auxin
homeostasis (Ryu et al. 2003; Zhang et al. 2007); (iii) the
increase of plant resistance to pest and disease (Tahmasbi et al. 2011); (iv) boosting nutrient acquisition (Andrade et al.
2013; Pii et al. 2015; Gou et al. 2020) and (v) the improvement
on soil fertility (Shang et al. 2017), chlorophyll content and
photosynthetic rate (Zhang et al. 2007). The improvement of plant photosynthetic
rate is predominantly followed by the increase of plant growth and yield
obtained (Budiarto et al. 2019). However, there was a need to control
plant vegetative growth through pruning (Budiarto et al. 2018;
Widyastuti et al. 2019) or pinching in particular condition, such as the
excessive vegetative growth rather than generative ones, leading to the lesser
yield obtained.
In terms of yield, the mean of individual chili
fruit weight in the best combination treatment of biofertilizer and alkaline
based multi nutrient fertilizer was 3.8 g, while at control treatment was only
3.5 g. Not only fruit weight but also fruit number, the best combination treatment of 8 L/ha biofertilizer + 10 kg multi
nutrient fertilizer could increase the yield up to 179%. In the absence of
biofertilizer on combination treatment, the increase of multi nutrient
fertilizer dose up to 10 kg/ha could only increase chili production to 74%
compared to control. This finding emphasized the importance of biofertilizer on
chili yield booster, as previously reported by numerous studies on chili
worldwide (Datta et al. 2011; Gou et al. 2020; Tashi et
al. 2023). However, the absence of
multi nutrient fertilizer, leaving only biofertilizer solely, also produce
lower chili fruit number than its best combination treatment. Therefore,
combination of both fertilizers was the best practices recommended. This
finding was in agreement with previous studies by Azizi et al. (2021)
and Widyastuti et al. (2021).
Not only yield quantity, but chili fruit
quality also highlighted in present study, since there was significant
reduction of damaged fruit as the effect of fertilizer application. The best
treatment was assumed to have best protection effect on chili fruit. Damaged
fruit could be characterized by the abnormalities in form, texture and color,
that mostly caused by pest and disease attack, leading to be unmarketable chili
fruit. Previous study showed the increase of marketable fruit, at the same time
with the decrease of un-marketable fruit as the effect of precision fertilizer
application, especially potassium (Hamdani et al. 2019).
Agricultural practice is proved to influence the success of production
of pepper (Abuzahra 2011). Determination of best agricultural practices,
specifically fertilizer application within this case, is important point to
highlight. Numerous positive impacts resulted by biofertilizer administration
on plant growth and yield (Bhattacharjee and Dey 2014), still need accompanied
by the presence of multi nutrient fertilizer to have the best and sustainable
result. Intensification in terms of biofertilizer and inorganic fertilizer
input application is strongly recommended for chili production, due to the
susceptibility of chili plant in response to numerous biotic and abiotic stress
during its cultivation period.
Growth
and production of red chili var. Indrapura significantly affected by the
applications of biofertilizers and alkaline based multi nutrient fertilizers.
The improvement of growth performances mostly affected by multi nutrient
fertilizer, whereas the increase of production was generally caused by the
interaction of both factors. The best combination treatment was 8 L/ha
biofertilizer + 10 kg/ha multi nutrient fertilizer.
Authors
acknowledge the technical assistance from people of Desa Sukabanjar,
Gedongtataan, Pesawaran, Lampung and research grant from Universitas Lampung,
Indonesia
RADW
planned the experiments, RADW, IL, HY, and PS interpreted the results, RADW,
AR, RB, and AM made the write up and RB statistically analyzed the data and
made illustrations.
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